BMC材料气门罩壳的振动分析

在内燃机表面噪声中,气门罩壳是主要的噪声源之一.将BMC材料用于气门罩壳,采用有限元方法对其进行模态分析和谐响应分析,并与铸铝罩壳进行了比较,计算结果表明,BMC材料用于气门罩壳具有减振、降噪的作用.     

从天冬-玉米的示范种植探讨"粮-药间套"增益模式

采用天冬单作、玉米单作和天冬-玉米套作3种种植模式,考查了整个生产过程中其主要生产资料和劳动力的投入以及产值等关键指标.对不同种植模式的经济效益对比分析结果表明,天冬-玉米套作比天冬单作增收21.8%,比玉米单作增收564.9%.天冬单作虽比玉米单作增收446.0%,但天冬种植三年后才能收获药材,没有短期收益.因此,3种模式中天冬-玉米套作的效果最佳.这一研究结果为种植业提供了一条"粮-药间套"的有效增益模式.     

冶河流域径流减少的驱动因素分析

分析了1970—2000年滹沱河的重要支流——冶河流域径流减少的主要驱动因子气候和地表覆被的变化趋势及其对流域径流的影响。结果表明，30年来，流域降水量减少，流域内的年平均气温上升并达到显著水平。流域1995年有林地和高覆盖草地所占面积同20世纪80年代相比大幅减少，林地和草地的质量有所下降，到了2000年有所回升；流域内农田的有效灌溉面积逐年增加。同时流域的径流量发生了明显变化：年均流量自1966年以来不断减小，尤其是80年代以后下降趋势更明显。以致上游长年有水河流部分河段出现了不同程度的断流。     

新疆兵团设施园艺机械化发展现状及建议

新疆兵团设施园艺机械化近年来得到了快速发展,但仍然存在着装备结构不合理、社会服务体系不完善、设施农业技术培训跟不上发展需求等诸多制约因素。为此,根据所收集的资料、数据和实际情况,对兵团设施园艺农业机械化发展现状进行了客观的分析、评价、总结,研究探讨了新形势下新疆兵团设施农业现代化产业结构调整及未来的发展方向,并提出了相应的对策及建议,以促进兵团设施园艺农业的可持续发展。     

Replication in initial selection trials of clonally propagated crops

Summary A mathematical model was constructed to determine the theoretical effectiveness of selection under various protocols in initial trials of clonally propagated crops. Effectiveness was quantified as the proportion of top phenotypes selected that can also be expected to be the best genotypes in trial. In the absence of replication there is a non-linear increase in this proportion with increase in broad-sense heritability. The proportion of best genotypes included is reduced as the intensity of selection increases. Replication effectively raises broad-sense heritability. The resulting increases in selection effectiveness are quantified for three levels of single-plant heritability (0.1, 0.5 and 0.9) and three selection intensities (0.1, 0.01 and 0.001) using a model based on the Normal Distribution and in which it is assumed that the trial area increases in size in direct relation to the degree of replication.When the trial area is of fixed size, replication reduces the number of genotypes that can be tested and the effectiveness of selection is, therefore, calculated with regard to the initial population of genotypes which could have been tested in the absence of replication. This showed that replication has a marginal benefit only where very high selection intensities are applied to characters with very low heritabilities. In other cases, replication is not beneficial since increases in selection effectiveness fail to compensate for good genotypes left in the seed packet. This conclusion proved to be equally valid when genetic variation was non-Normally distributed. Any increase in trial area for initial selection is best employed by increasing the total number of genotypes and growing just one representative plant of each. These conclusions could be relevant in other circumstances such as the evaluation stage of the single-seed descent breeding method for sexually propagated crops.     

Interspecific hybridization inBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta using embryo rescue

Summary Interspecific hybrids have been obtained in an otherwise incompatible cross betweenBrassica juncea × Brassica hirta through the in vitro culture of hybrid ovules and ovaries. The best response was observed from ovules and ovaries cultured 10–15 and 5–7 days after pollination respectively on a basal medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid, kinetin and casein hydrolysate. In some cases the basal cut end of the ovaries proliferated to form callus and shoots. The in vitro-derived hybrid seeds varied in their colour, size and shape, and the F₁ plants in the field showed a large diversity in their morphological traits. The hybrids were sterile, and had an intermediate number of chromosomes (2n=30).     

转基因作物环境安全性研究进展

随着转基因作物在全球范围内的广泛应用,转基因作物的环境安全性问题日益受到重视,科研工作者们对此开展了大量的研究工作。本文对近年来这方面的研究成果进行了综述,主要内容包括:1)转基因作物的杂草化问题,这里面又包含两层含义,一是转基因作物自身的杂草化问题,多数研究表明转基因并没有提高作物的生存竞争能力,在没有选择压力的自然条件下,即使转入了抗病抗逆基因,转基因植株的生存竞争能力也没有增加,因此杂草化的可能性很小;二是转基因作物通过基因漂移使得同种或近缘野生种或得某种抗性而成为更加难以防除的“超级杂草”,由于不同植物种间杂交能力不同,外源基因转移并稳定遗传的几率受到多种因素的影响,不同作物的风险性也不同,因此必须经过长期的监测才能得出科学的结论;2)转基因作物对作物遗传多样性、物种多样性及生态系统多样性的影响:多数观点认为转基因作物会通过基因漂移,外来基因在农家品种或野生种中固定及其竞争优势导致遗传多样性减少乃至丧失,也有观点认为,从长远看,转基因作物将会增加作物的生产力,从而少用农田,少用农药,有助于保护生物多样性;转基因作物对物种多样性的影响正反两方面的报道均有,有待进一步的研究,尤其是研究分析方法亟待规范;转基因作物对生态系统多样性的影响仍在研究争论之中,尚无定论。     

Induction of an alloplasmic male-sterile Brassica oleracea by substituting cytoplasm from ‘Early Scarlet Globe’ radish (Raphanus sativus)

Summary Alloplasmic male-sterile Brassica oleracea L. was synthesized in a backcrossing program through amphidiploid Raphanobrassica by using Early Scarlet Globe radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as the donor of cytoplasm and B. oleracea broccoli and cabbage as recurrent pollen parents. Persistence of radish chromosomes and high female sterility were encountered in the first four backcrosses. Following use of colchiploid 4x broccoli as pollen parent, a BC₅ plant was obtained that had 2n=3x+1=28 chromosomes, improved seed set, and no radish traits. The BC₆ with recurrent 2x broccoli contained male-sterile plants with 2n=18 or 19 chromosomes, increased seed set, and broccoli morphology. Subsequent generations segregated for male-sterile and restored male-fertile plants, some with variable development of stamens and pollen. Leaf color of the alloplasmic plants, especially seedlings, was lighter green than normal.     

红地球葡萄日灼病与反光膜套袋初报

在2002年5～7月,用塑料反光膜作外袋、白色葡萄套袋为内袋制成双层反光葡萄套袋,进行红地球葡萄防日灼病的试验研究。结果表明:反光葡萄套袋内温度低于气温0～2℃,当气温为38℃时,该套袋内红地球幼果均未发现日灼现象,防日灼效果显著。     

外源C_4作物DNA导入小麦的研究

利用小麦自交后的花粉管通道,将C_4作物玉米或高粱的DNA导入小麦的种胚细胞,结果受体后代发生了广泛的变异,而且受体不同,所发生的变异不同。甘麦8号受体后代植株变矮,结实率低,分蘖多至5个,少至完全不分蘖;8347—2-4和8013—3品系后代中出现不育株;6873—20—3品系受体后代的籽粒由红色转变为白色而且稳定遗传;蓝粒麦受体后